CS 1402 – OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

NOORUL ISLAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KUMARACOIL
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SEVENTH SEMESTER
CS 1402 – OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
TWO MARK AND SIXTEEN MARK Q & A
Prepared By,
Miss. R. Suji Pramila,
Miss. L.Freesie Greta
Part - A Questions and Answers
UNIT-I
1. Write about the traditional development methodologies?
Most traditional development methodologies are either algorithm centric or
data centric.
a. Algorithm-centric methodology
You think of an algorithm that can accomplish the task, and then
build data structures for that algorithm to use.
b. Data- centric methodology
You think how to structure the data, and then build the algorithm
around that structure.
2. Define objects.
Object is a real- world entity, identifiably separate from its surroundings, has a
well defined set of attributes and a well-defined set of procedures or methods.
Properties (or attributes) describe the state (data) of an object. Methods
(procedures) define its behavior. Object means a combination of data and logic
that represents some real-world entity.
(E.g.) Car is an object
Color, manufacturer, cost, owner etc are attributes.
Drive it, lock it, tow it, carry passengers in it are all methods.
3. Give a brief note on object behavior
Object behavior is described in methods or procedures. Behavior denotes the
collection of methods that abstractly describes what an object is capable of doing.
Each procedure defines and describes a particular behavior of an object. Methods
encapsulate the behavior of the object. Objects take responsibility for their own
behavior.
4. What do you mean by information hiding?
Information hiding is the principle of concealing the internal data and
procedures of an object and providing an interface to each object and providing an
interface to each object in such a way as to reveal as little as possible about its
inner workings.
An object is often said to encapsulate the date and a program.
Per-class protection.
o Class methods can access any object of that class and not just the
receiver
Per-object protection.
o Methods can access only the receiver.
5. Define class hierarchy
Object oriented system organizes classes into a subclass-super class hierarchy.
At the top of the class hierarchy are the most general classes and at the bottom
are the more specific.
A subclass inherits all of the properties and methods defined in its super class.
Subclasses may refine or constrain the state and behavior inherited from its
super class.
A class may simultaneously be the subclass to some class and a super class to
another class.
Formal or abstract classes have no instances but define the common behaviors
that con be inherited by more specific classes.
6. Write briefly about inheritance and explain the types of inheritance.
Inheritance is the property of object-oriented systems that allows objects
to be built from other objects.
Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one class is the parent
class of another derived class called base class or super class.
Inheritance allows classes to share and reuse behaviors and attributes of all
its super classes.
Types of inheritance
Dynamic inheritance.
It allows objects to change and evolve over time. Since base
classes provide properties and attributes for objects, changing
base classes changes the properties and attributes of a class.
Multiple inheritance.
Some object-oriented systems permit a class to inherit its state
(attributes) and behaviors form more than one super class.
7. What do you mean by polymorphism?
Polymorphism means that the same operation may behave differently on
different classes. Polymorphism allows us to write generic, reusable code more
easily, because we can specify general instructions and delegate the
implementation details to the objects involved.
8. Explain object relationship and associations.
a. Association represents the relationships between objects and classes.
b. Associations are bidirectional.
c. Cardinality specifies how many instances of one class may relate to a
single instance of an associated class.
d. Cardinality constraints the number of related objects and often is described
as being “one” or “many”
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9. What do you mean by consumer-producer association?
It is also known as client-server association. It uses relationship. It is a oneway
interaction in which one object requests the service of another object.
The object that makes the request is the consumer or client and the object
receives the request and provides the service is the producer or server.
10. Write about static and dynamic binding?
o Static binding
The process of determining which functions to invoke at compile
time is termed as static binding. Static binding optimizes the calls.
o Dynamic binding
The process of determining which functions to invoke at runtime
are called as dynamic binding. They occur when polymorphic calls
are issued. Dynamic binding allows some method invocation
decisions to be deferred until the information is known.

11. Define object persistence
A file or a database can provide support for objects having a longer lifeline,
longer than the duration of the process for which they were created. This is called
object persistence. An object can persist beyond application session boundaries,
during which the object is stored in a file or a database. The object can be
retrieved in an other application session and will have same state and relationship.
12. Define meta-classes.
If a class is an object, it must belong to a class which is called as meta-class or
a class of classes. All the objects are instances of a class and all classes are
instances of a meta-class. Meta-classes are used by the compiler.
13. What do you mean by software development process?
The software development process consists of
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Testing
Refinement
The essence of software development process is to transform users’ needs
into a software solution that satisfies those needs. The main point is to build highquality
software.
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14. Explain briefly the waterfall approach.
a. It starts with deciding what is to be done
b. Once the requirements have been determined, we next must decide how to
accomplish them.
c. Followed by a step in which we do it.
d. We then must test the result to see if we have satisfied the users’
requirements.
e. Finally we use what we have
done.
15. Define collaboration.
The object-oriented programming community has adopted use-cases to a
remarkable degree. Scenarios are a great way of examining who does what in the
interactions among objects and what role they play; that is their interrelationships.
This intersection among objects’ roles to achieve a given goal is called
collaboration.
16. Write the 80-20 rule.
a. Documentation is another important activity, which does not end with
object-oriented analysis but should be carried out throughout the system
development.
b. The 80-20 rule generally applies for documentation:
80 percent of the work can be done with 20 percent of the
documentation.
17. Define Prototype. Give the types of prototype.
A prototype is a version of a software product developed in the early stages of
the product’s life cycle for specific, experimental purposes. A prototype enables
you to fully understand how easy or difficult it will be to implement some of the
What
Use
Do it
How
Test
features of the system. It also gives users a chance to comment on the usability
and usefulness of the user interface design.
Prototypes have been categorized in various ways.
Horizontal prototype
Vertical prototype
Analysis prototype
Domain prototype
18. Write a brief note on RAD.
a. Rapid application development (RAD) is a set of tools and techniques that
can be used to build an application faster than typically possible with
traditional methods.
b. The developer sacrifices the quality of the product for the quicker
delivery.
c. RAD does not replace the system development life cycle but complements
it, since it focuses more on process description and can be combined
perfectly with the object-oriented approach.
d. The main objective of RAD is to build a version of an application rapidly
to see whether the system does what it is supposed to do.
e. RAD involves a number of iterations. RAD encourages the incremental
development approach.
19. Write about CBD?
Component based development is an industrialized approach to the software
development process. Application development moves from custom development
to assembly of prebuilt, pretested, reusable software components that operate with
each other.
20. Why do we go for object oriented systems development?
The motivation factor behind object-oriented system development is the desire
to make software development easier and more natural by raising the level of
abstraction to the point where the level of abstraction to the point where
applications can be implemented in the same terms n which they are described by
users.
21. What is horizontal prototype?
It is a simulation of the interface ie, it has the entire user interface that
will be in the full-featured system but contains no functionality.
22. Explain the domain prototype?
It is an aid for the incremental developmental of the ultimate software
solution. It often is used as a tool for the staged delivery of subsystems to the
users or other members of the developmental team.
23. Write about the Vertical prototype?
It’s a subset of the system features with complete functionality. The
principal advantage of this method is that the few implemented functionality can
be tested in great depth.
24. Explain Analysis prototype?
It is an aid for exploring the problem domain. This class of prototype is
used to inform the user and demonstrate the proof of a concept. It is not used as
the basis of development. The final product will use the concepts exposed by the
prototype, not its code.
UNIT-II
1. Write about the four phases in OMT?
OMT consists of four phases. They are
• Analysis-The results are objects and dynamic & functional models.
• System design-The results are a structure of the basic architecture
of the system along with high-level strategy decisions.
• Object Design-Produces a design document, consisting of detailed
objects static, dynamic and functional models
• Implementation-This activity produces reusable, extendible, robust
code.
2. What do you mean by object diagram?
The object model of OMT is represented graphically with an object diagram.
The object diagram contains classes interconnected by association lines. Each
class represents a set of individual objects. The association lines establish
relationships among the classes. Each association line represents a set of links
from the objects o f one class to the objects of another class
3. What are the primary symbols used in Data Flow Diagrams?
Data flow diagrams use four primary symbols:
The process is any function being performed.(verify password in the
ATM)
The data flow shows the direction of data element movement.(PIN
code)
The data store is a location where data are stored.(Account in ATM)
An external entity is a source or destination of a data element .(the
ATM card reader)
4. What are the diagrams used in Booch methodology?
The Booch methodology consists of the following diagrams:
Class diagrams.
Object diagrams.
State transition diagrams.
Module diagrams.
Process diagrams.
Interaction diagrams.
5. Give the steps involved in Macro development process in Booch methodology.
The macro development process consists of the following steps:
o Conceptualization
Establish the core requirements and develop a prototype.
o Analysis and development of the model
Use the class diagram to describe the roles and responsibilities of
objects. Use the object diagram to describe the desired behavior of
the system.
o Design or create the system architecture.
Use the class diagram to decide what classes exist and how they
relate to each other, the object diagram to decide what mechanisms
are used, the module diagram to map out where each class and
object should be declared, and the process diagram to determine to
which processor to allocate a process.
o Evolution or implementation-
Refine the system through much iteration.
o Maintenance-Make localized changes to the system to add new
requirements and eliminate bugs.
6. Give the steps involved in Micro development process in Booch methodology.
The micro process is a description of the day-to-day activities by a single or
small group of software developers. It consists of the following steps.
o Identify classes and objects.
o Identify class and object semantics.
o Identify class and object relationships.
Process
Data Store
Data Flow
External entity
o Identify class and object interface and implementation.
7. Write briefly about Use Cases.
Use cases are scenarios for understanding system requirements. A use case is
an interaction between users and a system. The use-case model captures the goal
of the user and the responsibility of the system to its users. The use-case model
employs extends and uses relationships. The use cases are described as one of the
following:
Nonformal text with no clear flow of events
Text with a clear flow of events
Formal style using pseudo code.
8. Write short note on Objectory.
Object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), also called Objectory, is a
method or object-oriented development with the specific aim to fit the
development of large, real-time systems. Objectory, is a disciplined process for
the industrialized development of software, based on a use-case driven design.
Objectory is built around several different models:
Use case-model.
Domain object model.
Analysis object model.
Implementation model.
Test model.
9. Define patterns.
Design pattern identifies the key aspects of a common design structure
that makes it useful for creating a reusable object-oriented design. Furthermore, it
identifies the participating classes and instances, their roles and collaborations,
and the distribution of responsibilities. It describes when it applies, whether it can
be applied in view of other design constraints and the conseqmponents are:
Name
Problem
Context
Forces
Solution
Examples
12. Define anti-patterns.
An anti-pattern represents a worst practice while a pattern represents a best
practice. Anti-patterns come in two varieties:
• Those describing a bad solution to a problem that resulted in a bad
situation.
• Those describing how to get out of a bad situation
13. Define pattern mining. Give the steps involved in capturing pattern.
The process of looking for patterns to document is called pattern mining
sometimes called reverse architecturing. The steps involved are:
Focus on practicability.
o Patterns should describe proven solutions to problems rather
than the latest scientific results.
Aggressive disregard of originality.
o Pattern writers do not need to be the original inventor of the
soln.
Non anonymous review.
o Pattern submissions are shepherded rather than reviewed.
Writers’ workshops instead of presentations.
o Rather than being presented by the authors, the patterns are
discussed in the writers’ workshops.
Careful editing.
o The pattern authors should have the opportunity to incorporate
all the comments and insights during the shepherding.
14. Define frame work. Give the differences between design patterns and
frameworks.
A frame work is a way of presenting a generic solution to a problem that can
be applied to all levels in a development. Frameworks are a way of delivering
application development patterns. A framework provides architectural guidance,
captures the design decisions that are common to its application domain and thus
emphasize design reuse over code reuse.
The major differences between design patterns and frameworks are as
follows:
A framework is executable software whereas design patterns represent
knowledge and experience about the software.
Design patterns are more abstract than frameworks.
Design patterns are smaller architectural elements than frameworks.
Design patterns are less specialized than frameworks.
15. Why do we go for unified approach?
The main motivation for going to unified approach is to combine the best
practices, processes, methodologies, and guidelines along with UML (Unified
Modeling Language) notations and diagrams for better understanding objectoriented
concepts and system development.
16. Write short note on UA proposed Repository.
The repository allows the maximum reuse of previous experience and
previously defined objects, patterns, frameworks, and user interfaces in an easily
accessible manner with a completely available and easily utilized format.
Everything from the user request to maintenance of the project should be kept in
the repository. This will reduce the cost and development time. It should be
relatively easy to search the repository.
17. Define model. Explain about the types of model.
A model is an abstract representation of a system, constructed to understand
the system prior to building or modifying it. It is a model of a simplified
representation of reality. Models can represent static or dynamic situations.
• Static model
o It can be viewed as a snapshot of a system’s parameters at rest or a
specific point in time. They are needed to represent the structural or static
aspect of a system. The UML class diagram is an example of static model.
• Dynamic model
o It can be viewed as a collection of procedures or behaviors that taken
together reflect the behavior of a system over time. Dynamic modeling is
the most useful during the design and implementation phases of the
system development. The UML interaction diagrams and activity models
are examples of dynamic models.
18. What are the advantages of Modeling?
Good models are essential for communication among project teams. As the
complexity of systems increases, so does the importance of good modeling
techniques. Some of the advantages are as follows:
Models make it easier to express complex ideas.
The main reason for modeling is to reduction of complexity.
Models enhance and reinforce learning and training.
The cost of modeling analysis is much lower than the cost of similar
perimentation conducted in real system.
Manipulation of the model is much easier.
19. Define UML. Mention the primary goals in the design of the UML.
The unified modeling language (UML) is a language for specifying,
constructing, visualizing and documenting the software system and its
components. The UML is a graphical language with sets of rules and semantics.
The primary goals in the design of the UML were as follows:
Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling language so they can
develop and exchange meaningful models
Provide extensibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
Be independent of particular programming languages and development
processes.
Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
Encourage the growth of the OO tools market.
Support higher-level development concepts.
Integrate best practices and methodologies.
20. Give the nine UML graphical diagrams.
a. Class diagram(static)
b. Use-case diagram
c. Behavior diagram(dynamic)
i. Interaction diagram
1. Sequence diagram
2. Collaboration diagram
ii. State chart diagram
iii. Activity diagram
d. Implementation diagram.
i. Component diagram
ii. Deployment diagram.
21. What is a Package?
A package groups and manages the modeling elements, such as classes,
their associations, and their structures. Packages themselves may be nested within
other packages.
UNIT-III
1. What is the purpose of analysis? Why do we need analysis?
The main objective of the analysis is to capture a complete, unambiguous,
and consistent picture of the requirements of the system and what the system must
do to satisfy the users’ requirements and needs. Object analysis is a process by
which we can identify the classes that play a role in achieving the system goals
and requirements. Hence, we are in need of analysis.
2. Why analysis is a difficult activity?
Analysis is a creative activity that involves understanding the problem, its
associated constraints, and methods of overcoming those constraints. The three
most common sources of requirement difficulties are:
Fuzzy descriptions:
Fuzzy and ambiguous description leads to requirement ambiguity.
Incomplete requirements:
Certain requirements that are not included for variety of reasons
might be necessary for successful system development.
Unnecessary features:
Every additional feature could affect the performance, complexity,
stability, and support costs of an application.
Analysis is a difficult activity because one has to understand the problem
in some application domain and then has to define a solution that can be
implemented with any software.
3. What do you mean by business object analysis?
Business object analysis is a process of understanding the system’s
requirements and establishing the goals of an application. The main intent of this
activity is to understand users’ requirements. The outcome of the business object
analysis is to identify classes that make up the business layer and the relationships
that play a role in achieving system goals.
4. Write a short note on use-case model?
A use-case model can be instrumental in project development, planning,
and documentation of systems requirements. The use-case model describes the
uses of the system and shows the courses of events that can be performed. It also
defines what happens in the system when the use case is performed. It can also
discover the classes and the relationships among subsystems of the system.
5. Define use-case.
Use cases are scenarios that describe how actors use the system. A use
case is an interaction between users and a system. It captures the goal of the users
and the responsibility of the system to its users. Jacobsons’ definition of use case
is, “A use case is a sequence of transactions in a system whose task is to yield
results of measurable value to an individual actor of the system.”
6. When ‘extends’ association is used?
The ‘extends’ association is used when you have one use case that is
similar to another use case but does a bit more or is more specialized. It is like a
subclass. Extends association is utilized to expand the common behavior to fit the
special circumstances.
7. Define ‘uses’ association.
The uses association occurs when some of the use cases have subflows in
common. Here to avoid describing a subflow more than once in several use cases,
the common subflow can be extracted and made into a new use case of its own.
The relationship among the other use cases and this new extracted use case is
called a uses association.
When you want to share common sequences in several use cases, utilize
the uses association by extracting common sequences into a new, shared use case.
The uses association helps us to avoid redundancy by allowing a use case to be
shared.
8. What is meant by railroad paradox? What do you infer from railroad paradox?
When rail roads were asked to establish new stops on the schedule they
“studied the requirements”, by sending someone to the station at eh designated
time to see if anyone was waiting for a train. Of course, nobody was there because
no stop was scheduled, so the railroad turned down the request because there was
no demand.
The railroad paradox appears everywhere and goes like this:
The product is not satisfying the users.
Since the product is not satisfactory, potential users will not use it.
Potential users ask for a better product.
Because the potential users do not use the product, the request is denied.
9. Give the two-three rule?
The two-three rule is for identifying actors. The rule is stated as “start with
naming at least two, preferable three, people who could serve as the actors in the
system. Other actors can be identified in the subsequent iterations.
10. What is the 80-20 rule?
The 80-20 rule applies for documentation. 80 percent of the work can be
done with 20 percent of the documentation. 20 percent is easily accessible and the
remaining (80 percent) is available to those (few) who need to know.
11. Why is documentation an important part of analysis?
Documentation provides a valuable reference point and a form of
communication to reveal issues and gaps in the analysis ad design. A document
can serve as a communication vehicle among the project’s team members. The
main issue in documentation during the analysis phase is to determine what the
system must do. Documentation can be an important factor in making a decision
about committing resources.
12. List the approaches for identifying classes?
The four alternative approaches for identifying classes:
The noun phrase approach.
The common class patterns approach.
The use-case driven, sequence/collaboration modeling approach.
The classes, responsibilities and collaborators (CRC) approach.
13. What do you mean by relevant, fuzzy and irrelevant classes?
In the noun phrase approach the list of nouns is divided into three
categories:
Relevant classes:
Relevant classes have a purpose. They are clearly defined and so
they are necessary.
Fuzzy classes:
Fuzzy classes are those classes which we are not sure about.
Irrelevant classes:
These classes have no purpose and are unnecessary. It is safe to
scrap these irrelevant classes.
14. How would you select candidate classes for the list of relevant and fuzzy classes?
Candidate classes are selected from the relevant and fuzzy categories. The
guidelines that are to be followed are:
Redundant classes: Don’t keep two classes that express the same
information
Adjectives classes: If the object behave differently when the adjective
is applied then make a new class
Attribute classes: Tentative objects that are used only as values should
be defined as attributes and not as a class
Irrelevant classes: Each class should have a purpose.
A statement of purpose for each candidate class must be formulated. If it
cannot be done then eliminate that candidate class.
15. What is the common class patterns strategy? Give the list of patterns used.
The common class patterns approach is based on a knowledge base of the
common classes that have been proposed researchers. The patterns used for
finding the candidate class and object are:
Concept class
Events class
Organization class
People class
Places class
Tangible things and devices class
16. What is CRC?
Classes, responsibilities, and collaborators is a technique used for
identifying classes’ responsibilities, and collaborators and therefore
their attributes and methods. Furthermore, CRC can help us identify
classes. CRC is based on the idea that an object either can accomplish a
certain responsibility itself or it may require the assistance of other
objects.
CRC cards are 4”``X 6`` index cards in which all the information for an
object is written is cheap, portable, readily available and familiar.
17. What are the three steps in CRC process?
The classes, responsibilities and collaborators process consists of three
steps:
Identify classes’ responsibilities (and identify classes).
Assign responsibilities.
Identify collaborators.
18. Give the guidelines for naming a class.
The guidelines for naming classes:
The class name should be singular.
One general rule for naming classes is that you should use names with
which the users or clients are comfortable.
The name of a class should reflect its intrinsic nature.
Use readable name. Capitalize class names.
19. What is an association?
Association represents a physical or conceptual connection bety have.
21. What are some common associations?
The common association patterns which can be stored in the repository are
based on some common associations:
Location association:
Next to, part of, contained in.
Communication association:
Talk to, order to.
22. How to eliminate unnecessary associations? How would you know it?
Some of the unnecessary associations are:
Implementation association:
Defer implementation-specific associations to the design phase.
Ternary associations:
Ternary or n-ary associations complicate the representation. So
when possible restate ternary associations as binary associations.
Directed actions (or derived) association:
Directed associations can be defined in terms of other associations.
Since they are redundant, avoid these types of association.
The unnecessary associations are discovered by testing access paths to
objects.
23. What do you mean by aggregation? What are the major properties of a-part-of
relation?
A-part-of relationship, also called aggregation, represents the situation
where a class consists of several component classes. A class that is composed of
other classes does not behave like its parts; actually, it behaves very differently.
Two major properties of a-part-of relationship are:
Transitivity:
If A is part of B and B is part of C, then A is part of C.
For example; a carburetor is part of an engine and an engine is part
of a car; therefore, a carburetor is part of car.
Class A
Class B
Association name
Role of A Role of B
Antisymmetry:
If A is part of B, then B is not part of A. For example; an engine is
part of part of a car, but a car is not part of an engine.
24. What guidelines would you see to identify a-part-of structures?
To identify a-part-of structures the following guidelines are provided:
Assembly:
An assembly is constructed from its parts and an assembly-part
situation physically exists.
Container:
A physical whole encompasses but is not constructed from
physical parts.
Collection-member:
A conceptual whole encompasses parts that may be physical or
conceptual.
25. Why do we need to identify the system’s responsibilities?
We need to identify the system’s responsibilities because responsibilities
identify problems that are to be solved. A responsibility serves as a handle for
discussing potential solutions. Once the system’s responsibilities are understood
we can start identifying the attributes of the system’s classes.
26. How would you identify attributes?
Attributes usually correspond to nouns followed by preposition
phrases. Attributes also may correspond to adjectives or adverbs.
Keep the class simple; state only enough attributes to define the object
state.
Attributes are less likely to be fully described in the problem
statement.
Omit derived attributes. They should be expressed as a method.
Do not carry excess identification.
27. How would you identify methods?
The sequence diagrams assist us in defining services that the objects must
provide. These services are implemented as the methods for your objects.
In a sequence diagram the events that occur between objects are drawn
between the vertical object lines. An event is considered to be an action that
transmits information; therefore these actions are the operations that the
objects must perform.
Methods also can be derived from the scenario testing.
28. Why do we need methods and messages in object-oriented system?
Objects not only describe abstract data but also must provide some
services. Methods and messages are the workhorses of object-oriented systems. In
an object-oriented environment, every piece of data, or object, is surrounded by a
rich set of routines called methods. Methods are responsible for managing the
value of attributes such as query, updating, reading and writing.
UNIT-IV
1. What is the need for axiomatic approach?
The basic goal of the axiomatic approach is to formalize the design process
and assist in establishing a scientific foundation for the object-oriented design
process, so as to provide a fundamental basis for the creation of systems. Without
scientific principles, the design field never will be systematized and so will be
difficult to comprehend, codify, teach and practice.
2. What are the main activities in design process?
Designing classes (their attributes, methods, associations, structures, and
protocols) and applying design axioms. If needed, this step is repeated.
Designing the access layer.
Designing the user interface (view layer classes).
Testing user satisfaction and usability, based on the usage and use cases.
Iterating and refining the design.
3. Define axiom? What are the two design axioms applied to object-oriented design?
An axiom is a fundamental truth that always is observed to be valid and for
which there is no counterexample or exception. The axioms cannot be proven or
derived but they cannot be invalidated by counterexamples or exceptions. There are
two design axioms applied to object-oriented design. Axiom 1 deals with
relationships between system components and Axiom 2 deals with the complexity of
design.
Axiom 1: The independence axiom. Maintain the independence of components.
Axiom 2: The information axiom. Minimize the information content of the
design.
4. Define corollary? Give the corollaries derived from design axioms. (or) List the
various design rules?
A corollary is a proposition that follows from an axiom or another
proposition that has been proven. A corollary is shown to be valid if its referent
axioms and deductive steps are valid. The design rules or corollaries derived from
design axioms are stated below.
Corollary 1: Uncoupled design with less information content.
Corollary 2: Single purpose.
Corollary 3: Large number of simple classes.
Corollary 4: Strong mapping.
Corollary 5: Standardization.
Corollary 6: Design with inheritance.
5. What do you mean by coupling?
Coupling is a measure of the strength of association established by a
connection from one object or software component to another. Coupling is a binary
relationship. For example A is coupled with B. Coupling is important when
evaluating a design because it helps us focus on an important issue in design.
6. What do you mean by degree of coupling?
The degree of coupling is a function of
How complicated the connection is.
Whether the connection refers to the object itself or something inside it.
What is being sent or received.
The degree or strength of coupling between two components is measured by the
amount and complexity of information transmitted between them. Coupling increases
with increasing complexity and decreases when the connection is to the component
interface rather than to an internal component. Coupling is also lower for data
connections than for control connections.
7. What are the two types of coupling?
Object oriented design has two types of coupling. They are,
Interaction coupling
Interaction coupling involves the amount and complexity of
messages between components. It is desirable to have little interaction.
Inheritance coupling
Inheritance is a form of coupling between super and subclasses. A
subclass is coupled to its super class in terms of attributes and methods.
Unlike interaction coupling, high inheritance coupling is desirable.
8. What do you mean by cohesion? Give the types of cohesion.
Cohesion can be defined as the interactions within a single object or software
component. Cohesion reflects the “single-purpose ness” of an object. Cohesion helps
in designing classes that have very specific goals and clearly defined purposes.
Method cohesion
A method should carry only one function.
Class cohesion
All the class’s methods and attributes must be used by internal
methods or derived classes’ methods.
Inheritance cohesion
Concerned with how classes are interrelated.
9. Differentiate coupling and cohesion?
Coupling deals with interactions between objects or software components
while cohesion deals with the interactions within a single object or software
component. Highly cohesive components can lower coupling because only a
minimum of essential information need to b passed between components.
10. What do you mean by design patterns?
Design patterns are devices that allow systems to share knowledge about their
design, by describing commonly recurring structures of communicating components
that solve a general design problem within a particular context. A design pattern
provides a scheme for refining the subsystems or components of a software system or
the relationships among them. Design patterns are documented by writing essays in a
fairly well-defined form.
11. Define OCL?
The rules and semantics of the UML are expressed in English, in a form
known as object constraint language. Object constraint language (OCL) is a
specification language that uses simple logic for specifying the properties of a system.
12. What do you mean by expressions? Give the syntax for some common
expressions.
Expressions are stated as strings in object constraint language. The syntax for
some common expressions is given here. The leftmost element must be an expression
for an object or a set of objects. The expressions are meant to work on sets of values
when applicable.
Item. Selector: (e.g.) John. age
Item. Selector [qualifier-value]: (e.g.) John. Phone[2]
Set->select(Boolean-expression): (e.g.) company.employee-salary->30000
13. What are private, public and protected protocols?
Private protocol of the class includes messages that normally should not
be sent from other objects. The messages are accessible only to operations
of that class. Only the class itself can use the method.
The public protocol defines the stated behavior of the class so that it is
accessible to all classes.
If the methods or attributes have to be used by the class itself or its
subclasses, a protected protocol can be used. In a protected protocol,
subclasses can use the method in addition to the class itself.
14. What is encapsulation leakage?
Encapsulation leakage is lack of a well-designed protocol. The problem of
encapsulation leakage occurs when details about a class’s internal implementation are
disclosed through the interface. As more internal details become visible, the
flexibility to make changes in the future decreases.
15. What are the three basic types of attributes?
The three basic types of attributes are
Single-value attributes.
The single-valued attribute has only one value or state.
Multiplicity or multi value attributes.
The multiplicity or multi valued attribute can have a collection of
many values at any point in time.
Reference to another object, or instance connection.
These attributes are required to provide the mapping needed by an
object to fulfill its responsibilities, in other words, instance connection
model association.
16. How do you present UML attribute?
The following is the attribute presentation suggested by UML.
Visibility name: type-expression=initial-value
Visibility name is +(public visibility), #(protected visibility), –(private visibility)
Type-expression is a language-dependent specification of the implementation type
Initial-value is a language-dependent expression for the initial value of a newly
created object.
17. What are the different types of methods provided by a class?
A class can provide several types of methods:
Constructor: Method that creates instances (objects) of the class.
Destructor: The method that destroys instances.
Conversion method: The method that converts a value from one unit of
measure to another.
Copy method: The method that copies the contents of one instance to
another instance.
Attribute set: The method that sets the values of one or more attributes.
Attribute get: The method that returns the values of one or more attributes.
I/O methods: The methods that provide or receive data to or from a device.
Domain specific: The method specific to the application.
18. What are some characteristics of a bad design?
The five rules are,
If it looks messy, then it’s probably a bad design.
If it is too complex, then it’s probably a bad design.
If it is too big, then it’s probably a bad design.
If people don’t like it, then it’s probably a bad design.
If it doesn’t work, then it’s probably a bad design.
19. How do you present UML operation?
The presentation of operation in UML is as given below.
Visibility name: (parameter-list): return-type-expression
Visibility name is + (public visibility), # (protected visibility), – (private visibility)
Parameter-list is a list of parameters, separated by commas and each specified by
Name: type-expression=default value,
Name is the name of the parameter.
Type-expression is a language-dependent specification of the
implementation type
Default-value is an optional value.
Return-type-expression is a language-dependent specification of the
implementation of the value returned by the method
20. Define Package
A package groups and manages the modeling elements, such as classes, their
associations, and their structures. Packages themselves may be nested within other
packages. A package may contain both other packages and ordinary model elements.
The entire system description can be thought of as a single high-level sub-system
package with everything else init. All kinds of UML model elements and diagrams
can be organized into packages.
21. What do you mean by persistence? Give some persistent data.
Persistence refers to the ability of some objects to outlive the programs that
created them. The persistent data are those data that exist beyond the lifetime of the
creures, types and constraints. The meta-data are usually encapsulated
in the application programs themselves. In DBMS, the format of the meta-data is
independent of any particular application data structure; therefore it will provide a
generic storage management mechanism.
25. What is meant by database model? Give the different database models.
A database model is a collection of logical constructs used to represent the
data structure and data relationships within the database. The different database
models are,
Hierarchical model
Network model
Relational model
26. Define DDL and DML.
Data definition language (DDL) is the language used to describe the structure
of and relationships between objects stored in a database. This structure of
information is termed as the database schema.
Data manipulation language (DML) is the language that allows users to access
and manipulate data organization. The structured (SQL) is the standard DML for
relational DBMS.
27. What is concurrency policy?
A concurrency control policy dictates what happens when conflicts arise
between transactions that attempt access to the same object and how these conflicts
are to be resolved. There are two policies,
Conservative or pessimistic policy
Allows a user to lock all objects or records when they are accessed
and to release the locks only after a transaction commits.
Optimistic policy
Two conflicting transactions are compared in their entirety and
then their serial ordering is determined.
28. What is shareability?
Data and objects in the database often need to be accessed and shared by
different applications. With multiple applications having access to the object
concurrently, it is likely that conflicts over object access will arise. The database must
detect and mediate these conflicts and promote the greatest amount of sharing
possible without sacrificing the integrity of data.
29. What do you mean by transaction?
The basic goal of the transactions is to provide each user with a consistent
view of the database. A transaction is a unit of change in which many individual
modifications are aggregated into a single modification that occurs in its entirety or
not at all. Thus either all changes to objects within a given transaction are applied to
the database (commit) or none of the changes (abort). This ability of transactions
ensures atomicity.
30. Define client-server computing?
In client-server computing the calling module becomes the “client” and the
called module becomes the “server”. The connectivity allows applications to
communicate transparently with other programs (process) regardless of their
locations.
The client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server process
requesting the server to perform a task (service). Client programs usually manage the
user interface portion of the application, validate data entered by the user and dispatch
requests to server programs.
A server process (program) fulfills the client request by performing the task
requested. Server programs generally perform database retrieval and updates, manage
data integrity and dispatch responses to client requests.
31. Differentiate distributed and cooperative processing?
The distributed processing means distribution of applications and business
logic across multiple processing platforms. Distributed processing implies that
processing will occur on more than one processor in order for a transaction to be
completed.
Cooperative processing is computing that requires two or more distinct
processors to complete a single transaction. It is a form of distributed computing in
which two or more distinct processes are required to complete a single business
transaction.
Cooperative processing can also be considered to be a distributed processing,
if communication between processors is performed through a message-passing
architecture.
32. What do you mean by distributed object computing?
Distributed object computing (DOC) utilizes reusable software components
that can roam anywhere on networks, run on different platforms, communicate with
legacy applications by means of object wrappers, and manage themselves and the
resources thy control. It introduces a higher level of abstraction and promises the
most flexible client-server system.
33. Write a short note on CORBA?
Common object request broker architecture (CORBA) is a standard proposed
as a means to integrate distributed heterogeneous business applications and data.
CORBA object request brokers (ORBs) implement a communication channel through
which applications can access object interfaces and request data and services. The
CORBA common object environment (COE) provides system level services such as
life cycle management for objects accessed through CORBA, event notification
between objects, and transaction and concurrency control.
34. What are the necessary characteristics that a system must satisfy to be considered
as an object-oriented system?
The rules that make a system an object-oriented system are:
The system must support complex objects.
Object identity must be supported.
Objects must be encapsulated.
The system must support types or classes.
The system must support inheritance.
The system must avoid premature binding.
The system must be computationally complete.
The system must be extensible.
35. Differentiate object-oriented databases and traditional databases?
The objects are an active component in an object-oriented database, in
contrast to conventional database systems, where records play a passive
role.
The relational database systems do not explicitly provide inheritance of
attributes and methods while object-oriented databases represent
relationships explicitly.
Object oriented databases also differ from the traditional relational
databases in that they allow representation and storage of data in the form
of objects.
36. Describe reverse and forward engineering?
Creating an object model from an existing relational database layout
(schema) often is referred to as reverse engineering.
Creating a relational schema from an existing object model often is
referred to as forward engineering.
37. Define object-relation mapping?
In a relational database, the schema is made up of tables, consisting of rows
and columns. In an object model, the counterpart to a table is a class which has a set
of attributes (properties or data members) and methods (behaviors). The objectrelation
mapping is the mappings between a table and a class that is the mappings
between columns and attributes, between a row and an object, and between a stored
procedure and a method.
38. What are the different mapping capabilities to be defined?
The mapping capabilities that must be defined are:
Table-class mapping.
Table-multiple classes mapping.
Table-inherited classes mapping.
Tables-inherited classes mapping.
39. Define referential integrity?
Referential integrity means making sure that a dependent table’s foreign key
contains a value that refers to an existing valid tuple in another relation.
40. What do you mean by federated multidatabase systems?
Federated multidatabase systems are the heterogeneous information systems
which facilitated the integration of heterogeneous information sources, where they
can be structured, semi-structured and sometimes even unstructured. Some
heterogeneous information systems are constructed on a global schema over several
databases.
41. Define MDBS?
A multi database system (MDBS) is database systems that resides
unobtrusively on top of existing relational and object databases, and file systems and
presents a single database illusion to its users. An MDBS maintains a single global
database schema. The local database systems actually maintain all user data. MDBS
actually controls multiple gateways (or drivers). This way user can have the benefits
of a database with a schema to access data stored in different databases and crossdatabase
functionality.
42. Define neutralization (homogenization).
Neutralization also called homogenization is the process of consolidating the
local schemata. The global schema is constructed by consolidating (integrating) the
schemata of the local databases where the schematic differences among them are
handled by neutralization.
43. What do you mean by ODBC?
Open database connectivity (ODBC) is an application programming interface
that provides solutions to the multidatabase programming problem. ODBC provides a
vendor-neutral mechanism for independently accessing multiple database hosts. The
application interacts with the ODBC driver manager, which sends the application
calls to the database. The driver manager loads and unloads drivers, performs status
checks, and manages multiple connections between applications and data sources.
44. What are the activities involved in access layer design process?
The process of creating an access class for the business classes is as follows:
For every business class identified, mirror the business class package.
Define relationships.
Simplify classes and relationships.
Iterate and refine.
45. Write short note on creative process?
The creative process is a combination of the following:
A curious and imaginative mind.
A broad background and fundamental knowledge of existing tools
and methods.
An enthusiastic desire to do a complete an thorough job of
discovering solutions once a problem has been defined.
Being able to deal with uncertainty and ambiguity and to defer
premature closure.
46. What are the steps in view layer macro process?
The view layer macro process consists of two steps:
For every class identified, determine if the class interacts with a human
actor. If so, perform the following; otherwise, move to the next class.
o Identify the view (interface) objects for the class.
o Define the relationships among the view (interface) objects.
Iterate and refine
47. Give the three UI design rules.
UI design rule 1: Making the interface simple.
UI design rule 2: Making the interface transparent and natural.
UI design rule 3: Allowing users to be in control of the software.
48. What are the windows in user interface used for?
Window commonly are used for the following purposes:
Forms and data entry windows:
Data entry windows provide access to data that users can retrieve, display
and change in the application.
Dialog boxes:
Dialog boxes display status information or ask users to supply information
or make a decision before continuing with a task.
Application windows:
An application window is a container of application objects or icons. It
contains an entire application with which users can interact.
49. What are the three general steps in creating a user interface object?
Creating a user interface generally consists of three steps.
Create the user interface objects (such as buttons, data entry fields).
Link or assign the appropriate behaviors or actions to these user interface
objects and their events.
Test, debug, then add more by going back to step 1.
create user interface
controls
associate actions to the user
interface controls and their events
test/debug
50. What is a Metaphor?
It is an analogy that relates two unrelated things by using one to denote the other.
UNIT-V
1. What is the purpose of debugging?
Debugging is the process of finding out where something went wrong in
the application, what we develop and correcting the code to eliminate the errors or bugs
that cause unexpected results.
2. What are the types of errors that you could find in your program?
Language (syntax) errors
Run-time errors
Logic errors
These are the various types of errors that would occur in the program that we
develop.
3. Discuss Error-based testing?
This technique search a given class’s method for particular clues of
interests, then describe how these clues should be tested.
4. Discuss Scenario-based testing/usage-based testing?
It concentrates on what the user does, not what the product does. This
means capturing use cases and the tasks users perform, then performing them and their
variants as tests. They often are more complex and realistic than error-based tests.
Scenario-based tests tend to exercise multiple subsystems in a single test, because that is
what users do.
5. Name some testing strategies?
Black- Box Testing
White- Box Testing
o Path Testing
Statement testing coverage
Branch testing coverage
Top-Down Testing
Bottom-Up Testing
6. What is the Impact of Object orientation on Testing?
Some types of errors could become less reasonable (not worth testing for)
Some types of errors could become more reasonable (worth testing for)
Some new types of errors might appear.
7. Discuss Black-Box testing?
In a Black box testing, the test item is treated as “black,” since its logic is
unknown; all that is known is what goes in and what comes out or input and output. It
may be used for Scenario- based testing.
8. Discuss White- Box testing?
It assumes that the specific logic is important and must be tested to
guarantee the system’s proper functioning. It is used mainly in the error based testing.
9. What do you mean by Top- down Testing?
It assumes that the main logic or object interactions and systems messages
of the application need more testing than an individual object’s methods or supporting
logic. It can detect the serious design flaws early in the implementation.
10. Discuss about the Statement testing coverage and Branch testing coverage?
The main idea of statement testing coverage is to test every statement in the
object‘s method by executing it at least once.
The main idea behind branch testing coverage is to perform enough tests tetect and identify potential problems before
delivering the software to its users. A test plan offers a road map for testing activities,
whether usability, user satisfaction, or quality assurance tests. It should state the test
objectives and how to meet them.
15. List the steps needed for a test plan?
Objectives of the test
Development of a test case
Test analysis
16. Define regression testing?
All passed tests should be repeated with the revised program, called regression
testing, which can discover errors introduced during the debugging process. When
sufficient testing is believed to have been conducted, this fact should be reported and
testing for this specific product is complete.
17. Define Beta testing and Alpha testing?
Beta testing, a popular, inexpensive and effective way to test software on a select
group of the actual users of the system.
Alpha testing is done by in-house testers, such as programmers, software
engineers, and internal users.
18. What is the purpose of configuration control system?
It provides a way of tracking the changes to the code. At a minimum, every time
the code changes, a record should be kept that tracks which module has been changed,
who changed it, and when it was altered, with a comment about why the change was
made.
19. When is testing said to be successful?
Testing becomes successful when the steps below are followed;
Understand and communicate the business case for improved testing.
Develop an internal infrastructure to support continuous testing.
Look for leaders who will commit to and own the process.
Measure and document your findings in a defect recording system.
Publicize improvements as they are made and let people know what they
are doing better.
20. Define Usability?
ISO defines Usability as the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which
a specified set of users can achieve a specified set of tasks in particular environments. It
requires,
Defining tasks.
Defining users
A means for measuring effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction.
21. What are the issues in software quality?
Validation – user satisfaction
Verification – Quality assurance
22. What is Usability testing?
It measures the ease of use as well as the degree of comfort and satisfaction users
have with the software.
23. What are the guidelines for developing usability testing?
The usability testing should include all of software’s components.
Usability testing need not be very expensive, such as including trained
specialists working in a soundproof lab with sophisticated recording
equipment.
All tests need not involve many subjects.
Consider the user’s experience as part of your software usability.
Apply usability testing early and often.
24. Explain user satisfaction testing?
It is the process of quantifying the usability test with some measurable attributes
of the test, such as functionality, cost, or ease of use.
25. Explain COTS and USTS?
Commercial off –the –shelf (COTS) software tools are already written and a few
are available for analyzing and conducting user satisfaction tests.
User satisfaction test spreadsheet (USTS) automates many bookkeeping tasks
and can assist in analyzing the user satisfaction test results.
26. Write about the user satisfaction cycle?
Create a user satisfaction test for your own project
Conduct test regularly and frequently
Read the comments very carefully, especially if they express a strong
feeling.
Use the information from user satisfaction test, usability test, reactions to
prototypes, interviews recorded, and other comments to improve the
product.
Important benefit of user satisfaction testing is you can continue using it even after
the product is delivered.
I6 Marks Questions and Answers
1. Describe the various Object oriented concepts?
• Object – combination of data and logic that represents a real world entity.
• In an OOS everything is an object.
• Instance of a class.
• Class – used to distinguish objects from others.
• Object properties – represent the state of an Object.
• Behavior – the collection of methods that abstractly the object is capable of
doing.
• Messages – Non-specific function calls.
• Encapsulation or Information Hiding – principle of concealing the internal data
and procedures of an object.
• Class Hierarchy – organizing classes into sub class – super class hierarchy.
• Inheritance – property that allows the objects to be built from other objects.
Dynamic Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
• Polymorphism – the same operation may behave differently on different classes.
• Association – relationship between objects and classes.
• Aggregation - collection of objects or an attribute which can be an object itself.
2. Describe the Software Development process.
• Set of activities that transforms user’s needs into a software solution that satisfies
the needs.
• A process can be divided into a number of sub-processes.
• Three types of transformation
Transformation 1 – Analysis
Transformation 2 – Design
Transformation 3 – Implementation
• Waterfall Approach
What
How
Do it
Test
Use
• Advantages and disadvantages of Waterfall Approach
3. How can we build a high quality Software?
• High quality products must meet user’s needs
and satisfaction.
• Should have minimal or no defects.
• Ultimate goal – user satisfaction.
• Four quality measures:
Correspondence
Validation
Correctness
Verification
• Verification – Am I building the product right?
• Validation – Am I building the right product?
4. Describe the Object oriented Systems Development?
• Object Oriented Analysis – Use case
driven
Collaboration
Role
Use – case Modeling
• Object oriented design
Goal – design the classes
Design and refine classes, attributes, methods, structures and
associations.
Guidelines of OOD.
• Prototyping
Horizontal
Vertical
Analysis
Domain
• Component based development
Component Wrapper
Software Components
Rapid Application
Development
• Incremental Testing
Testing should be performed in every phase to find errors.
• Reusability
5. Describe Rumbaugh’s Object Modeling Technique?
• Describes the dynamic behavior of objects in a system.
• Four phases.
Analysis – results are objects, dynamic and functional models.
System design – gives a structure of the basic architecture.
Object design – produces a design document.
Implementation – produces reusable code.
• Three different parts
Object Model – presented by object model and the data dictionary.
Dynamic model - presented by the state diagrams and event flow
diagrams.
Functional Model – presented by data flow and constraints.
6. Give detailed notes about the Booch Methodology?
• Helps to design your system using the object paradigm.
• Is criticized for his large set of symbols.
• Consists of the following diagrams:
Class diagrams.
Object diagrams.
State transition diagrams.
Module diagrams.
Process diagrams.
Interaction diagrams.
• Two processes:
Macro development process
Micro development process.
• Macro development process.
Primary concern – technical management of the system.
Steps involved:
o Conceptualization.
o Analysis and development of the model.
o Design or create the system architecture.
o Evolution or implementation.
o Maintenance.
• Micro development process.
Describes the day-to-day activities.
Steps involved:
o Identify classes and objects.
o Identify classes and object semantics.
o Identify classes and object relationships.
o Identify classes and object interfaces and implementation.
7. Give a detailed account of Jacobson methodology?
• Covers the entire life cycle and stress traceability between the various phases.
• Use cases
Scenarios for understanding system requirements.
Non formal text with no clear flow of events.
Text easy to read.
Formal style using pseudo code.
Can be viewed as concrete or abstract (not initiated by actors).
• Object oriented software Engineering: Objectory
Use case model.
Domain Object Model.
Analysis Object Model.
Implementation model.
Test model.
• Object oriented business Engineering
Analysis phase.
Design and Implementation phase.
Testing phase.
8. Describe patterns and the various pattern templates?
• Pattern – identifies a common structure that makes it useful for design.
• Involves a general description of a solution to a recurring problem.
• Properties of a good pattern:
It solves a problem.
It is a proven concept.
Solution is not obvious.
Describes a relationship.
Has significant human component.
• Generative patterns – tells us how to generate something.
• Non generative patterns – static and passive.
• Patterns templates.
Name.
Problem.
Context.
Forces.
Solution.
Examples.
Resulting context.
Rationale.
Related patterns.
Known uses.
9. Explain in detail about the Unified approach?
• Establishes a unifying and unitary framework by utilizing UML.
• The processes are:
Use case driven development.
Object oriented analysis.
Object oriented design.
Incremental development and prototyping
Continuous testing.
• Methods and technologies employed include:
UML
Layered approach.
Repository.
CBD.
• Object oriented Analysis.
Identify actors.
Develop a simple process model.
Develop the use case.
Develop interaction diagrams.
Identify classes.
• Object oriented design
Design classes, attributes, methods etc.
Design the access layer.
Design the prototype user interface.
User satisfaction and usability tests.
Iterate and refine the design.
• Continuous testing
• UML – modeling language
• Repository
Allows maximum reuse of previous experience.
Should be accessible by many people.
• Layered approach
The business layer.
o Displaying results.
o Data access details
The user interface or view layer.
o Responding to user interaction.
o Displaying business objects.
The access layer.
o Translate request.
o Translate results.
10. Describe the UML Class diagram?
• Also referred to as Object modeling.
• Collection of static modeling elements.
• Class notation – rectangle with three compartments.
• Object diagram – instance of a class diagram.
• Class interface notation – small circle with the interface name connected to the
class.
• Binary association – solid path connecting two classes.
• Association role – end of an association.
• Qualifier – small rectangle attached to the end of an association.
• Multiplicity – specifies the range of allowable associated classes.
• OR association – dashed line connecting two or more associations.
• Association class – association that has class properties.
• N-ary association – association among more than two classes.
• Aggregation – hollow diamond attached to the end of the path.
• Generalization – relationship between a general class and a more specific class.
11. Demonstrate the guidelines for finding use cases and developing effective documentation?
• Guidelines for use cases.
For each user, find the tasks and functions.
Name the use cases.
Describe the use cases briefly.
Isolate users from actors.
Isolate actors from other actors.
Isolate use cases.
• Guidelines for effective documentation.
Common cover.
80 – 20 rule.
Familiar vocabulary.
Make the document as short as possible.
Organize the document.
12. Give detailed notes about the Noun phrase approach?
• Look for the noun phrases through the use cases.
• Three categories:
Relevant classes.
Fuzzy classes.
Irrelevant classes.
• Identifying tentative classes.
Look for noun phrases and nouns in the use cases.
Some classes are implicit or taken from general knowledge.
All classes must make sense in the application domain.
Carefully choose and define class names.
• Selecting classes from the relevant and fuzzy classes.
Redundant classes.
Adjective classes.
Attribute classes.
Irrelevant classes.
13. Describe the CRC approach and naming classes?
• CRC approach.
Technique used for identifying classes responsibilities.
CRC cards are 4” x 6” index cards.
Cheap, portable and readily available.
Stress the importance of creating objects.
• CRC process.
Identify classes’ responsibilities.
Assign responsibilities.
Identify collaborators.
• Naming classes.
It should be singular.
Use comfortable names.
Should reflect its intrinsic nature.
Use readable names.
14. Give a detailed note about Associations?
• Represents a physical or conceptual connection between two or more objects.
• Identifying associations.
Is the class capable of fulfilling the required task by itself?
If not what does it need.
From what other class can it acquire what it needs?
• Guidelines for identifying associations.
A dependency between two or more classes.
A reference from one class to another.
• Common association patterns.
Location association: next to, part of, contained in.
Communication association: talk to, order to.
• Eliminate unnecessary associt support complex objects.
Object identity must be supported
Object must be encapsulated.
Must support types or classes.
Must support inheritance.
Must avoid premature binding.
Must be computationally complete.
Must be extensible.
• Rules that make it a DBMS are:
Must be persistent.
Should be able to manage very large databases.
Must accept concurrent users.
Must be able to recover from H/w and S/w problems.
Data query must be simple.
17. State the differences between OODBMS and traditional database. Describe object – relational
systems?
• OODBMS
Active objects.
Explicit relationships.
Has object identity and is persistent.
• Traditional database.
Passive records.
Implicit representations.
Does not have object identity and is not persistent.
• Object – relational systems
Reverse engineering.
Forward engineering.
Object relation mapping.
° Table class mapping.
° Table multiple class mapping.
° Table inherited classes mapping.
° Tables inherited classes mapping.
° Keys for instance navigation.
18. Explain the steps involved in designing the access layer classes?
• Main idea – create a set of classes that know how to communicate with the places
where data reside.
• Provides a link between the business or view objects and the data storage.
• Access layer performs two tasks.
Translate the request
Translate the results.
• Benefits.
Provides easy migration of developing technologies.
Able to address the modest needs of the two tier architecture.
• The process.
Access class – interacts with a non-human actor.
The steps involved are:
° Mirror the business class package.
° Define relationships.
° Simplify classes and relationships.
° Iterate and refine.
The steps involved in designing with persistent attributes are:
° Determine if the class has persistent data.
° Mirror the business class package.
° Define relationships.
° Simplify classes and relationships.
° Iterate and refine.
19. Explain the steps involved in designing the view layer classes?
• Responsible for two major aspects – i/p, o/p.
• Four major activities.
Macro level UI design process.
Micro level design process.
Testing usability and user satisfaction.
Refine and iterate.
20. Describe the purpose of view layer interface?
• Forms and data entry windows
Guidelines.
• Dialog boxes
Guidelines.
• Application or main windows
Guidelines.
21.Describe quality assurance test and testing strategies?
• Debugging
• Types of errors
Language or syntax.
Run time.
Logic.
• Types of QA
Error based
Scenario based
• Strategies.
Black box
White box
Top down
Bottom up.
22. Describe test cases and the impacts of object orientation on testing?
• Construct some test i/p cases and mention the expected output.
• Compare the output with the expected outcome
• Objectives
Testing
Good test case
Successful test case.
• Guidelines
• Impact of object orientation
Impact of inheritance on testing
Reusability of tests.
23. Illustrate test plan and continuous testing?
• Test plan – developed to detect and identify potential problems before delivering
the S/w.
• Steps involved.
Objectives.
Development.
Test analysis.
• Regulation testing – discover errors during debugging.
• Alpha testing.
• Beta testing.
• Guidelines.
• Continuous testing.
24.Describe Usability Testing?
• Measures the ease of use as well as degree of comfort and satisfaction.
• Guidelines.
• Recording the usability test.
25.Describe user satisfaction?
• Is the process of quantifying the usability test with some measurable attributes.
• Objectives.
• Guidelines.
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